The Goals Of Supply Chain Management Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1877 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Increasing globalization has lead to an alarming concern regarding the improvement of the quality of the goods services, customized services, inventory reduction, information timing and the most important element i.e. the satisfaction of the ultimate customer. With increasing complexities the process of Supply Chain Management as well as the logistics process has become more more difficult as the level of demand is at its peak. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Goals Of Supply Chain Management Business Essay" essay for you Create order In order to attain sustainable competitive advantage the firms should effectively integrate as well as incorporate the SCM systems in their work place (Figueiredo, 1994). SCM would help the organization to have a better positioning which would also help the companies to have a competitive edge over its competitors. Supply Chain Management The supply chain means a type of chain that constitutes of every activity which is associated with a flow or transforming the goods from raw materials stage i.e. the extraction, throughout toward the end user, such as the associated flow of information. The supply chain occurs to be a network which provides facilities or the distribution options which performs a function of procuring the materials, transforming this material into the intermediate or the finished product, along with the distribution of the finished product to the customers. A supply chain exists in both the manufacturing and the service organizations, whereas the complexities of this chain may differentiate greatly from organization to organization and a firm to another firm (Kleber, 1994). The management of Supply chain can be typically viewed as to a link between fully the integrated firms, whereas the entire flow of material is governed by the single firm or those where every member of channel operates inde pendently. Hence, the coordination among the different players in a supply chain is the main key in the effective management. The management of supply chain is compared to the well practiced and well balanced relay team. This team is considered to be more competitive where every player exactly understands how to be actually positioned for a hand off. The relationship tends to be the strongest among the players who pass t the batons directly, but whole team should make the efforts jointly in order to achieve the success (Flores, 2008). Components of SCM The components of SCM are considered to be an element that comes on third position in the framework of circulation of Fourth Square. The integration level or the management of the process of business link could be a function in the level and number that ranges towards high from low, components in combination to the links (Ellram Cooper, 1990). Consequently, by adding more components of management or increasing the levels of every component could increase a level towards the integration of its link of business process. The literature of the business process of re-engineering, relationships of buyers and suppliers, and the SCM specifies the different components that are possible, which should receive the managerial attention, at the time of managing relationships of supply. There are following components of SCM, they are: Planning and the controlling; organisational structure; and the work structure. A reverse chain  of supply is considered to be the process in managing the returns of goods. Reverse logistics can also be regarded as the Aftermarket Services of customers. That is, at any point of time the money can be taken from the companys warranty reserves or the budget of service logistics one could speak of the operations of reverse logistics (Billington, 1992). Importance of Management of Supply Chain Organizations nowadays increasingly estimate that they should rely on the effective chains of supply, or the networks, that competes in a global market or the networked economy.  The paradigms of new management, the concept in case of relationships of business extends above the boundaries of traditional enterprise which seeks in organizing an entire process of business throughout the value chain in many companies. From the past ten years, outsourcing, globalization, and  the information technology  which have enabled certain organizations, like  Hewlett Packard, Dell in successfully operate the solid coordinated networks of supply where every specialized partner of business focused only on the few strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This network of supply which works around inter-organization could be identified as the new form within the organization. Moreover, along with the interactions done complicatedly between the players, the structure of netwo rks fits neither hierarchy nor the market categories (Powell, 1990). Its not specified the kinds of major impacts of performance, along with different network structures of supply could impact the organizations, and very few is known regarding the coordinated conditions or the trade-offs which could exists among different players (Zhang Dilts, 2004). Examples Automotive Industry The research provided an insight into a real problem that threatens in bringing the worlds automotive lines of production to the halt. The Automotive components limited, in Australia deals in manufacturing of engine parts. The company faced certain problems in management of supply chain and its effective delay in services. According, to the analysis done by the specialist of an automotive logistics organisation revealed that the lean, modern, automotive chain of supply was driving the increase towards the need of emergency services of delivery. Delays towards the manufacturing of its components, mainly caused by components and materials shortages up its chain, are considered to be the main reason that the suppliers and makers of cars resorts to the emergency service delivery (Ganeshan, 2004). The time of evolution was developed around five years back mainly to provide a high speed in the delivery of services for the suppliers and makers of car. In recent years, the organisati on conducted the survey between its customers, by identifying the reasons of using the services of critical delivery. Now the time of evolution critically published and analysed a whole concept of the data which was collected on the basis of global shipments. The supply chain of automotive is considered to be the most complex industry structures in the operation today. Decades in the efforts of cost cutting have reduced the line side inventories levels to the days or even for hours, while a drive towards the benefit from an emerging manufacturing capability of cost of low labour, countries meant that the components should travel further from a source the point of their use (Antonio, 2008). With the costs more than the  £1million for an hour in a automotive company caused late delivery and a line of stoppage, suppliers or OEMs started resorting to the possible means of expediting the movement in the components when the delay in its management of supply chain occurred. Because of this the, the requests for an emergency delivery of services were caused within the company by the unexpected or unusual occurrence of such situations (Ballou, 1992). The company was considered to be one an efficient organisation in the timely delivery of supply chain. In spite of this the organisation failed to be a market winner as it suffered huge losses, by not paying attention to certain important factors like Human error, problem of transportation and the delay in the production. This leads the company towards a disturbed system of supply chain management. However, it was analysed that different issues were grouped into the different structures in an automotive organisation, they are: Delays in the production: Quality problems, equipment problems, and the delays in its supply of materials and the line of basic production which was debugging at the time of introduction of the new components could all results in different parts which arrived from the lines later on tha n it was expected. The Error of Human: Cars are the complex machines which are built from around thousands of different parts. It is important to carefully examine which part to be requested, and the right part that is requested but a supply of wrong occurred, this problem occurred within the automotive company, which leads to a delay in the supply chain of their products. The problem of transportation: Strike action, customs delay, vehicle breakdowns, bad weather, all these also resulted in the unconventional supply chain which leads the company towards failure of meeting delivery schedules. This all factors leads to delay in the production of the company, which was the most instant cause of an emergency requests of deliveries among the customers surveyed, that accounts for around 28 percent of the emergency shipments. Human errors were the second most important cause, which leads towards the quarter of the shipments. The problems of transportation also created huge delays in the organisations supply chain. The critical deliveries which were planned made up around the final and seven percent of its European shipments that was analysed (Koch, 2004). The avoidance of the human error, which is the second important cause in the emergency shipments, seemed to offer the makers of car a big opportunity of improvement. It is considered to be always cheaper in moving data than the parts. In any case an error in the communication could be reduced which delivers the significant benefits in financial terms. The problem of transportation was another area which was difficult in developing a strategy which overcomes every type of the potential failure. For few product groups this could make sense of using two different solutions of transportation, so that the failure in any one would mean that the supply is dried up altogether. Another example is of Nike Nike is one of the worlds largest apparels and shoe manufacturing company. It had one of the finest supply chains. But all of a sudden Nike faced a huge loss, because of the failure of one of its software glitch which cost Nike around more than, $100 million in sales, its stock its price around 20 percent, which was triggered by a flurry in lawsuits of class action. The wave was big enough which compelled the company in revealing its losses at the quarterly conference calls with risk and analysts, the wrath of its Exchange and securities Commission, shareholders and both (Lee, 1992). Nike claimed that the problem was with its software of i2 demand planning, were tactical or fixable. It was working too slowly, was not integrating well, had few bugs, and the planners of Nike were trained inadequately, regarding the use of the system when it went live. Nike faced these problems in spite of having a fine system of supply chain. With the failure of single software, the whole system o f its distribution channel was disturbed. Therefore, an effective supply chain management cannot always ensure that a company could be the market winner. CONCLUSION The supply chain occurs to be a network which provides facilities or the distribution options which performs a function of procuring the materials, transforming this material into the intermediate or the finished product, along with the distribution of the finished product to the customers. It is not important that effective supply chain would help the organizations in becoming the market players. It is seen in case of an automotive company and in the case of the organization which deals with apparels and shoes. The management of supply chain for both the companies leads to losses, while the companies were performing better in their early stages. Therefore, it is important for the companies to effectively plan their supply chain in order to overcome occurrence of prospective problems that could disturb the whole flow of their supply chain management (Ballou, 1992).

A Study Of Human Social Relationships And Organisations Essay

Bowles and Gintis( 1976)† stated schools are agents for socialistation but only because it helps produce the right kind of workers for a capitalist business(p.147). This would appear to suggest that according to both social theorists there is a connection between education and social inequilty. The educational system helps ypung people to prepare for the ecomnice system. The structure of the education system helps them with displaine and to prepare them to enter the workforce. As regards to my CA brief I will be discussing what sociologh is. Before I will addressing my main topic which is ,I have been asked to look at the early years sector from a socioligal prepesctive and give the view of 3 leading sociological thinkers and to conclude my essay I will discuss brieftly my personal prepective from carring out my research for this topic. The department of Sociology Unc (2016) indicates sociology is the study of human social relationships and organisations. Sociology can range from crime to religion it is a very diverse subject. It refers to the family to the state, diversity of race and social class to the beliefs in common cultures. The study of sociology is to understand how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology you do not realise how much the subject covers and it explains important matters in our own personal lives, our communities and the world. At personal level, sociology looks at the socialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Experiment Management And The Worker 1485 Words   |  6 PagesHawthorne studies have been playing an important role in management, psychology and sociology. Hawthorne studies were the foundation for the modern day management thinking. Hawthorne studies have been subject to many criticisms but it produced the funda mental changes in the development of management thoughts. 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Cameron, Dutton Quinn (2003) points out that POS is not symbolized by a certain theory or tactic, instead it tends to be defined by certain words, e.g. resilience, flourishing, meaning, virtuousness etc. Each of the terms (of POS) is considered separately to build a foundation level of understanding, to this new concept. Positive is described as providing a meaningRead More Management Theories Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement, which looks at ‘the best way’ to do a job; and Administrative management, which emphasises the flow of information within the organisation. Classical management theory is now considered to be an outdated form of management for the principal reason that people and their needs are considered by Classical theorists as secondary to the needs of the organisation. 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The contributions of both these theories will be examined, followed byRead MoreQuestions On Scientific Management And Organizational Behavior1262 Words   |  6 Pagesstrict instruction with negligible need for satisfaction from social, personal skill development, sense of belonging and alignment of personal opinion w ith management objectives. This practice also assumes that workers would be willing to perform under the above assumptions when given monetary rewards as incentives and this is sufficient purpose in working lives (Miller and Form, 1964). These assumptions neglect individuality and social needs and fail to incorporate different perspectives in order

Holograms Toss A Pebble In A Pond

Holograms Toss A Pebble In A Pond -see The Ripples? Now Drop Two Pebbl Essay HologramsToss a pebble in a pond -see the ripples?Now drop twopebbles close together. Look at what happens when the two setsof waves combine -you get a new wave! When a crest and a troughmeet, they cancel out and the water goes flat. When two crestsmeet, they produce one, bigger crest. When two troughs collide,they make a single, deeper trough. Believe it or not,youvejust found a key to understanding how a hologram works. But whatdo waves in a pond have to do with those amazing three-dimensional pictures? How do waves make a hologram look like thereal thing?It all starts with light. Without it, you cant see. Andmuch like the ripples in a pond, light travels in waves.Whenyou look at, say, an apple, what you really see are the waves oflight reflected from it. Your two eyes each see a slightlydifferent view of the apple.These different views tell youabout the apples depth -its form and where it sits in relationto other objects. Your brain processes this information so thatyou see the ap ple, and the rest of the world, in 3-D. You canlook around objects, too -if the apple is blocking the view ofan orange behind it, you can just move your head to one side.The apple seems to move out of the way so you can see theorange or even the back of the apple.If that seems a bitobvious,just try looking behind something in aregularphotograph! You cant, because the photograph cant reproducethe infinitely complicated waves of light reflected by objects;the lens of a camera can only focus those waves into a flat, 2-Dimage. But a hologram can capture a 3-D image so lifelike thatyou can look around the image of the apple to an orange in thebackground -and its all thanks to the special kind of lightwaves produced by a laser.Normal white light from the sun or a lightbulb is acombination of every colour of light in the spectrum -a mush ofdifferent waves thats useless for holograms. But a laser shineslight in a thin, intense beam thats just one colour. That meanslaser light waves are unif orm and in step. When two laser beamsintersect, like two sets of ripples meeting in a pond,theyproduce a single new wave pattern: the hologram. Heres how ithappens: Light coming from a laser is split into two beams,called the object beam and the reference beam. Spread by lensesand bounced off a mirror, the object beam hits the apple. Lightwaves reflect from the apple towards a photographic film.Thereference beam heads straight to the film without hitting theapple. The two sets of waves meet and create a new wave patternthat hits the film and exposes it. On the film all you can seeis a mass of dark and light swirls -it doesnt look like anapple at all! But shine the laser reference beam through thefilm once more and the pattern of swirls bends the light to re-create the original reflection waves from the apple -exactly.Not all holograms work this way -some use plastics insteadof photographic film, others are visible in normal light.Butall holograms are created with lasers -and new wav es. All Thought Up and No Place to GoHolograms were invented in 1947 by Hungarian scientistDennis Gabor, but they were ignored for years. Why? Like manygreat ideas, Gabors theory about light waves was ahead of itstime. The lasers needed to produce clean waves -and thus clean3-D images -werent invented until 1960. Gabor coined the namefor his photographic technique from holos and gramma, Greek forthe whole message. But for more than a decade, Gabor had onlyhalf the words. Gabors contribution to science was recognizedat last in 1971 with a Nobel Prize. Hes got a chance for a lastlaugh, too. A perfect holographic portrait of the late scientistlooking up from his desk with a smile could go on foolingviewers into saying hello forever. Actor Laurence Olivier hasalso achieved that kind of immortality -a hologram of the 80year-old can be seen these days on the stage in London,in amusical called Time. New WavesWhen it comes to looking at the future uses of holography,pictures are anything b ut the whole picture.Here are just acouple of the more unusual possibilities. Consider this: yourein a windowless room in the middle of an office tower,butyoure reading by the light of the noonday sun! How can this be?A new invention that incorporates holograms into widow glazingsmakes it possible. Holograms can bend light to create complex 3-D images, but they can also simply redirect light rays.Thewindow glaze holograms could focus sunlight coming through awindow into a narrow beam, funnel it into an air duct withreflective walls above the ceiling and send it down the hall toyour windowless cubbyhole. That could cut lighting costs andconserve energy. The holograms could even guide sunlight intothe gloomy gaps between city skyscrapers and since they can bendlight of different colors in different directions, they could beused to filter out the hot infrared light rays that streamthrough your car windows to bake you on summer days.Or, how about holding an entire library in the palm of your hand? Holography makes it theoretically possible. Words orpictures could be translated into a code of alternating lightand dark spots and stored in an unbelievably tiny space.Thatsbecause light waves are very, very skinny. You could lay about1000 lightwaves side by side across the width of the period atthe end of this sentence. One calculation holds that by usingholograms, the U. S. Library of Congress could be stored in thespace of a sugar cube. For now, holographic data storage remainslittle more than a fascinating idea because the materials neededto do the job havent been invented yet.But its clear thatholograms,which author Isaac Asimov called the greatestadvance in imaging since the eye will continue to make waves inthe world of science. .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .postImageUrl , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:hover , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:visited , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:active { border:0!important; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:active , .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47 .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u493e050bf93336eaedd007fd49ef2d47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Radiology

Stanhope Is the Hero in Journeys End free essay sample

During the time Raleighs was at school, Stanhope had been his hero throughout. Stanhope had earned the Military Cross; this is a symbol of bravery, one which does not go unnoticed. Stanhope also had three years of experience in the war, one year of which was as a company commander. He has a large reputation with his officers and men, and Raleigh hears many good comments about Stanhope being the best company commander in the battalion. Raleigh worshiped Stanhope as a hero at school that he had indulged in at school. It was a natural development that the brilliant rugby captain and house prefect should become a war hero. Osborne knew that Raleigh still saw Stanhope as a hero even though Stanhope himself could not believe or recognise it. After Raleighs arrival, Stanhope reacts twice in act one to different things, but Raleigh seems to go on unknowing, oblivious to Stanhopes change in attitude from school, showing that Raleigh admires Stanhope even more. We will write a custom essay sample on Stanhope Is the Hero in Journeys End or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stanhope suspects that his dependency on the alcohol to keep him going will be reported Raleighs letter home makes him angry. This is only Stanhopes view, however, Osborne tells him: You imagine things. Stanhope is the corrected moments later when Raleighs letter s read out: Im awfully proud to think hes my friend [this shows to Stanhope that Raleigh understands, But because of all Stanhopes previous thoughts and the effect of alcohol, he is blinded from the truth. Hibberts one aim is to get away from the front line as soon as possible and to achieve this he feigns sickness. He prepares the ground as soon as he enters the dugout by refusing supper, owing to this beastly neuralgia. Stanhope is unimpressed and characterizes him to Osborne as another little worm trying to wriggle home. The crisis is reached the following afternoon when Hibbert makes a etermined effort to report sick before the attack. He emerges from his sleeping- quarters to announce his departure and, despite Stanhopes opposition, takes his pack and stick and attempts to leave. The confrontation between the two men is highly dramatic; Hibbert alternately shouts hysterically and pleads, and eventually he strikes his commander. The climax is reached when Stanhope threatens to shoot him if he tries to leave and Hibbert, with surprising control, faces being shot rather than going back into the trenches. The comradeship engendered by the war is more than mere friendship; it is a special kind of bond partly imposed by the constant threat of death or mutilation: Hibbert:Do please let me go Stanhope Stanhope:lf you went and left Osborne and Trotter and Raleigh and all those men up there to do your work could you ever look a man straight in the face again in all your life Stanhope finds himself looking beyond surface reality and a habit has grown on him of looking right through things, and on and on till I get frightened and stop. He has sensations of everything going farther and farther away until he is the only thing left n the universe and he finds difficulty in struggling back to normality. The feeling had come over him only that morning as he had looked across no mans land and beyond: Stanhope: was looking across at the Boche trenches and right beyond not a sound or a soul; Just and enormous plain, all churned up like a sea thats got muddier till its so stiff that it cant move. You could have heard a pin drop in the quiet; yet you new thousands of guns were hidden there, all ready cleaned and oiled millions of bullets lying in pouches thousands of Germans, waiting and thinking. Then gradually, the eeling came Trotter is fully aware of their situation and finds his own way to cope with it. Drawing one hundred and forty-four circles to represent the hours they must spend in the line and then marking them off one by one is, for him a device to control the anxiety he shares with the others; each circle filled in will bring the time of relief nearer and nearer. We catch a glimpse of his deeper feelings in his conversation with Stanhope: Stanhope: enw you Trotter. Nothing upsets you, does it? Youre always the same. Trotter:Always the same, am I? (He sighs) Little you know He does not enlarge on this, but we are aware that under his happy-go-lucky exterior he is hiding the fears that afflict them all. Hibbert is the officer who cannot take it anymore. He doesnt want to carry on; he wants to be out of the trenches as soon as he possibly can. He owes it to this beastly neuralgia. As the final attack begins, his lack of fibre is shown again. He delays going to his post in the trenches by asking for some water and drinking it very slowly, and he is only persuaded to leave by the necessity to accompany Mason from the dugout. Even Hibbert will not disgrace himself in front of a servant.

How Georgias Political, Social, and Religious History has Played A Role on its Current Citizens

How Georgias Political, Social, and Religious History has Played A Role on its Current Citizens Executive Summary The history of Georgia dates back from pre-Columbian time to the present. Georgia is an American state, which was originally inhabited by Native Americans. Its history involves the European exploration, British colonization, the American Revolution, the American civil war and reconstruction.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Georgias Political, Social, and Religious History has Played A Role on its Current Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state was established in 1732 as a trustee colony, and it later became the royal colony (Thomas, 192-195). This colony was originally against slavery, and there were no slaves imported until 1749, when many slaves started to be imported from, Angola, the Gambia and Sierra Leone. Rules and regulations were adopted in Georgia by 1776, which was considered as the constitution of Georgia. The first president of Georgia was elected in 1788, and i n this time, the state ratified the constitution of the United States. Later on Georgia separated from the United States to join other Southern States to form the confederate states of America history. The history of Georgia has greatly influence the current citizens of this country. The research paper seeks to determine the impact of Georgia’s political, social and religious history to the current citizens. The impact of Georgia’s history to the current citizens John Rocker was a baseball player who played for the Atlanta braves, Texas rangers as well as long island ducks. He is a native of Georgia and he earned popularity because of speaking negatively about diversity in New York (Thomas, 192-195). The people of Georgia are influenced by the country’s political, social, and religious history. John rocker was influenced by the political situations in Georgia, which made him to speak negatively about diversity in New York. This indicates that he is a product of his environment. He made many allegations based on experiences he had witnessed in the New York City. This is very evident when he was answering questions regarding as to whether he would ever play for New York Yankees or the New York Mets.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His sentiments and responses were considered racist, homophobic and sexist. He said that he did not like New York because of foreigners, and he was wondering how the foreigners entered the country (Thomas, 192-195). He also talked about his view on the New York Mets and their fans. During this interview, he spat on a Georgia 400 toll machine and teased the Asian women. He also described his black teammate Simon Randall as a monkey. In 2002, he was accused of directing slurs towards patrons of Dallas hotel where he was dining with his friends. He was not pleased with the diversity in New York. He was a conservative republican who wanted people in New York to speak English. He campaigned for people in New York to speak English rather than the foreign languages such as Asian, Korean, Vietnamese, Indians and Spanish. He was not happy because of all these foreigners in New York, and that made him to talk negatively about the diversity in New York. This shows that John Rocker was a product of his environment (Numan, 175-180). In the history of Georgia, this can be attributed to various events, which shows that people are products of their environment. Georgia was a trustee colony, which prohibited slavery this was because the native of Georgia did not want foreigners in their colony. They were against integration with people from other places especially Africans, and this was a clear indication that they were against diversity in their colony. During the pre Columbia era, the native people lived according to their culture, and they were against cultures from other places. They establ ished urban societies differentiated with their construction of truncated earthwork pyramid mounds (Kenneth, 321-325). This was also characterized with intensive village based farming, which led to the development of dense populated areas.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Georgias Political, Social, and Religious History has Played A Role on its Current Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the mould building sites are still evident today in Georgia. This indicates that the native people of Georgia were greatly influenced by the environment. During the time of European exploration, Mississippian culture people invaded Georgia. They traded in iron tools, guns and cloth. These people believed that their culture was the best, and they were products of their environment. During the period of American Revolution, Georgia changed very fast towards republicanism. This enabled the country to oppose m onarchy, aristocracy and corruption. The people of Georgia ordered for the formation of government depending on the will of the people. They did not like taxation without representation. They spoke about the stamp act and subsequent royal taxes. They were not pleased with way the country was governed and politics at this time greatly influenced their lives. The patriots controlled Georgia and rules and regulations were established. It was no longer a colony, and it became a state with the chief executive. The white settlers forced the US government to expel Indians from Georgia. Georgia sent many soldiers to battle, and this made the state to shift from cotton production to food production in order to be able to feed soldiers in the war. After the war, many black people in Georgia moved to rural areas to participate in the reconstruction of the city. In 1868, a constitution convention took place representing all the citizens in Georgia. This action made several white settlers to be very uncomfortable and they greatly rejected the republican administration. They were against cultural diversity as reflected in the case of John Rocker. This shows that they were a product of the environment they were living in (David, 210-213). They wanted only the whites to be represented but not all the citizens in Georgia. Some of these people became involved in political terrorism in order to sabotage the government’s operations. Others organized and mobilized people to join insurgent paramilitary groups which were against the government. Many cases and assault were reported during this particular time.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The white republicans and the democrats worked together to remove blacks representatives from the general assembly. The white people believed that blacks were not supposed to be represented in Georgia. The blacks were treated as minority people, and this had a great impact on their lives. This can be likened with john rocker’s case where he called his teammate a monkey. During this time and they were not respected at all by the whites. Today the black citizens in Georgia are still racially abused, and this has affected their lives. John rocker was a conservative who was not pleased with foreigners coming to New York. In the history of Georgia, it can be noticed that many whites were conservatives and were totally against the republican administration (Andrew, 273-276). Georgia established a convict lease system in the south. This system made the black prisoners to work for individuals and private enterprises without being paid. They were not protected, and they did not receiv e any salary for the work done. The white conservatives used these prisoners in railway companies, mines and in other manufacturers. They were used to rapidly increase the industrialization process in Georgia. Reports that the convicts were being overworked were ignored. The convict continued to be mistreated, and some were murdered in the process. The most beneficiaries of this system were the Georgia’s capitalists such as Joseph Brown who reaped a lot of profit from the system. The whites in Georgia aimed at establishing social and political dominance at the time of severe agricultural depression. This caused a lot of mob violence, which was directed towards the freed men in Georgia and other confederate states. Between 1872 and 1890, the democrats dominated in the state politics. Most of these democrats were white. During this time, mob killing increased rapidly, and it averaged more than one killing every month. Most of the people killed in this time were blacks. The whit es denied the blacks their rights to vote until they were completely disenfranchised by using political violence. The African American community could not work in juries, and they were not represented in the local, state and federal levels. Poll tax was imposed as a voting requirement which locked out the blacks from voting as they were unable to pay the taxes. This affected the black citizens of Georgia as it lasted for more than 60 years into the 20th century. The blacks were urged to become proficient in various fields such as agriculture, mechanic and domestic service. The black community started attending schools in order to acquire education as much as possible. By this time, nearly 47% of the population constituted of blacks. This made the blacks to fight for voting rights. Black civil right groups fought for the registration of African Americans. In 1965, a civil right movement enabled the government to pass the voting rights act of 1965.Today in Georgia, the blacks have a r ight to participate in any election. This has enabled the black people in Georgia to participate in running of the government. The blacks also moved to the urban areas where they established successful lives as industrial workers (Numan, 175-180). They live there even today, and they are employed in various industries. Religious and social history of Georgia has also played a key role to the lives of the current citizens. Religion prohibited consumption of alcohol in this country. The woman’s Christian temperance union established a law, which prohibited person in rural counties from drinking. This Union was led by the preachers and women mostly the African Americans. In 1907, the anti-saloon league, which took over from the preachers and women, was very effective. It cut deals with the politicians and established a prohibition law. However, it had loopholes, which enabled some people to import whisky from other states (Kenneth, 125-127). The prohibition law allowed only salo ons, which sold non-alcoholics drinks in Georgia. Coca-Cola Company was bought, and it became one of the most lucrative companies in Georgia. The current citizens of Georgia have been greatly influenced by this history. Most of liquor companies in this state manufacture non-alcoholic drinks. There are laws that limit alcohol consumption as well as other drugs. Today most of the citizens in Georgia believe in orthodox Christianity (Numan, 175-180). There are also some other religions such as Islam, Armenian apostolic church and roman Catholics. The Georgian apostolic Orthodox Church is categorized as one of the earliest Christian churches. Apostle Andrew the first called started it in the beginning of 1st century. Christianity was accepted as the state religion in the state of Georgia. This has been a sense of national identity embraced by the people of Georgia for many years. It has enabled Georgia to preserve its national identity based on the history. It has remained unchanged for a long time despite many foreigners coming to the state and attempted assimilation. Several religious minorities have existed in this country for a long period, and there has been no religious discrimination until today. Such religious minorities include Islam and Jews (Numan, 175-180). These religions have been there, and the current citizens do not discriminate against them. These ceremonies were still carried out in the ancient time. Various religions have coexisted with Georgian orthodoxy. For instance, a number of people throughout the country practices Judaism, which has existed since the old days. It is mostly practiced in the largest cities in Georgia such as Tbilisi and Kutaisi. Today most of the citizens in Georgia practice Christianity. This can be attributed to Georgia’s Christianity history. Georgia is the second earliest Christian county after Armenia (Thomas, 180-182). The conversion of Georgia into Christianity was the effort of Saint Nino of Cappadocia who w as a daughter of pious and noble parents. The Georgian Orthodox Church was derived from the original church of Antioch. The Christian church in Georgia played a very significant role in the establishment of a written language. Currently the people living in Georgia use this language today. In the early 1970s, opposing leaders criticized the Georgian church because of corruption. Later on, new order and morality was brought to the church, which helped in reviving it (David, 210-213). In the 20th century, religious identity in Georgia was incorporated into the strong nationalist movement. In 1988, most churches were consecrated and reopened. A large scale restoration of churches took place in Georgia by this time. Most of the citizens in the current Georgia believe in Christianity. They attend churches on Sunday, and this has been influenced by the religious history of Georgia (Kenneth, 125-127). Many churches have been constructed due to increase in population of people going to chur ch. Christianity is also taught in schools to make children to understand Christianity and its history. Islam was introduced in Georgia in the ancient times. It continued to spread during the 14th and 15th centuries because of Timurs invasion of Georgia. The Muslim community in Georgia is relatively smaller in numbers as compared to Christianity. The muslim groups are the Georgian ethnic Muslims and the ethnic Azerbaijani Muslims. The Muslim religion is still in existence in Georgia today. They are dispersed in Georgia and other neighboring countries. Their existence in Georgia can be attributed to the religious history in this state. The Jews have also been living in Georgia for a number of years (David, 210-213). Today there is a small number of Jews in Georgia, and they live in Tbilisi. These minority religious groups are not discriminated in Georgia, and the constitution of this country provides freedom of religion. Social history has also influence the people of Georgia. Georgi an society and its people were portrayed in the novels written by recognized writers such as Mary Shelley and Henry Fielding. The paintings done by various artists demonstrated the changing world of the Georgian period. The work of earlier designers is still applied today in Georgia. The building designs used to day in Georgia dates back from several decades ago. This can be seen in poetry, which was characterized with colorful language. Social reforms, which were fought for by politicians, have brought about radical changes in various areas. They helped in the abolition of slaves, prison reforms and social justices. These social reforms have helped in shaping the social life of the current citizens. Philanthropists and writers fought against social ills and helped in starting hospitals, Sunday schools and orphanage. The textiles collection of the Georgian people can be traced back in early days. Most of clothes and costumes used today have been developed from those that were design ed several years ago (Buddy, 193-195). The daily and occasion clothing that represent Georgia were designed many years ago (Arnold, 78-82). Furnishing textiles and other personal accessories can be attributed to history. Textile production is represented by weaving machines and sewing patterns. Personal clothes such as dress for men, women and children are because of what was designed in the early days. Personal accessories such as shoes, hats and jewelry have also some historical attributes. All these are highlighted in the history center’s textile holding. Most of the items are produced from silk and wool. The social history has greatly influenced the lives of Georgian citizens in terms of dressing and other social issues. People of Georgia can be identified based on linguistic traditions and the ethnic linguistic groups. Georgia comprise of several ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Kurds among others. Such groups speak different languages (Kenneth, 321-325). However , some ethnic groups speak Georgian as a native language. Such ethnic groups include the Jews. These groups have their own cultural identity although their long stay in Georgia influenced them. Georgia is made up of small regional cultural entities with different believes and cultural values. They have different dressing code, customs, and folklore and speak different languages. Most of these groups have maintained their traditions, which have enabled Georgia to preserve its national identity. Most of the citizens in Georgia live in the urban centre. The population of Georgia has greatly increased due to emigration by the ethnic minorities. Most of the people speak Georgian although some groups speak other languages. The Georgian language came from the south Caucasian language group. The main language spoken in Georgia today was used in the historically dominant western kingdom of kartli. There are also some minority languages such as Armenian, Abkhazian, Azeri, and Russian. All the se minority languages can be attributed to historical emigration in Georgia. Today these groups still exist in Georgia, and they speak the minority languages. This has had an impact on the Georgian language because in some places it is diluted (James, 112-114). The Christians in Georgia have been greatly influenced by Muslims in the neighboring areas. Today, most of the cultural values and believes are based on social history belonging to the Georgian community. Cultural unity is common among different cultural groups that live in Georgia. Christianity became a state religion in this country during the era of king martin III who was directed by Saint Nino of Cappadocia. The alphabet used today by the Georgian people was design in the ancient times. In 1453, Georgia became the first Christian stronghold to be established in the region of Muslim kingdom. In 19th century, the Russian empire united the country and that unity is still in existence today (Buddy, 193-195). A social democra tic government ruled republican of Georgia, which embraced social history. The country has different groups of people who speak different languages. These groups were united during the reign of King Parnavaz, and they have remained together until today. There has been a gradual assimilation of the ethnic groups, which has brought about religious unity and unification (Andrew, 273-276). Conclusion The political, social and religious history of Georgia has a very significant impact to the lives of people living in this country today. Most of religious and social practices carried out today can be traced back from the ancient Georgia. History has transformed Georgia to what it is today. The current nation is as a result of political, social and religious history. For many centuries, most of the ethnic groups in Georgia have preserved their cultural identities enabling the country to maintain its national identity. Most of these groups have common cultural identities, which have reduced the chances of cultural conflicts. Despite some little tensions between Abkhaz and Ossetians, today there is harmony among different groups in Georgia. Most of the churches built today in Georgia are mostly replicas of the old historical churches. Urban architecture has strong traces of soviet influences (Kenneth, 125-127). Building designs used today in Georgia resembles the historical building designs. Most food taken in the country includes traditional food such as meat and fruits. Georgia’s political, social and religious history has played a significant role to the current citizens. Most of activities and practices are based on political, social and religious history of the country. As in the case of john rocker, it can be concluded that every person is a product of his environment. Bibliography Numan, Bartley. The creation of modern Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003.Print James, Cobb. Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.Print Kenneth, Co leman. A history of Georgia. Athens: University of GeorgiaPress, 2001. Print Kenneth, Coleman. Colonial Georgia:A history. West Virginia: University of Virginia, 2007.Print Arnold, Fleischmann. Politics in Georgia. New York: University of Georgia Press, 2007.Print Andrew, Manis. Macon Black and White:An unutterable seperation in the American century.New York: Mercer University Press, 2004.Print Thomas, Scott. Cornerstones of Georgia history. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1995.Print Thomas, Scott. Georgia and the origins of the suburban South:A twentieth-century history. Marietta: Cobb Landmarks and Historical Society, 2008.Print Buddy, Sullivian. Georgia:A state history. New York: Arcadia Publishing, 2010.Print David, Williams. From mounds to megachurches:Georgias religious Heritage. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.Print

Participles Fused and Otherwise

Participles Fused and Otherwise Participles Fused and Otherwise Participles Fused and Otherwise By Maeve Maddox If you dont know what a fused participle is, read on. The present participle is the form of the English verb that ends in ing: walk walked walking To function as a verb, the present participle must be used with an auxiliary verb: Jack is repairing the roof. Used without an auxiliary verb, the participle retains some shadow of its verbal origin, but functions as other parts of speech. participle functioning as adjective: Mr. Jones is a loving husband. participle introducing participial phrase: Sitting by the window, I watched the parade. (The phrase is adjectival, describing I) participle functioning as a noun: The ing participle form can also be used as a noun. In that case it gets a new name and is called a gerund. Gerunds Gardening is my favorite hobby. (noun, subject of is) He likes shooting skeet. (noun, object of likes) He loves to talk about hunting. (noun, object of the preposition about) Do you mind my asking a question? (noun, object of mind) NOTE on Example 4: If I had written Do you mind me asking a question, many of my readers would be quick to scold me for having written a sentence containing a fused participle. Fused participles The term fused participle is credited to H.W. Fowler, who hated them. Heres the definition from the OED: fused participle a participle regarded as being joined grammatically with a preceding noun or pronoun, rather than as a gerund that requires the possessive, or as an ordinary participle qualifying the noun. The fused participle resides in the same category as the split infinitive: some writers abhor it and will avoid it any cost, while others recognize that, sometimes, defusing a fused participle is worse than leaving it alone. My practice is to use a possessive noun or pronoun before a gerund in a sentence like the one above. If the result is ugly or nonsensical, I figure out how to rewrite the sentence without using the -ing word. Speaking is another matter. In conversation I probably fuse participles all over the place. Some views regarding the fused participle: H. W. Fowler David Rusinoff (click on fused participle in the frame) American Heritage Book of English Usage Columbia Guide to Standard American English William Safire Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsLetter Writing 101

The concept of Pop Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The concept of Pop Art - Essay Example The concept of design of composition being the strongest element within a work that was developed in the Modern Art period carried into the Pop Art period. According to Sagart, â€Å"The movement focused on pure form, spiritual harmony, and order† (223). However, the movement disregarded the concept of a real object in favor of the movement of graphic images within line and space. Abstract Expressionism, a part of the postmodernism movement that created an artistic counter-culture to modernism, also had a place in creating the culture in which Pop Art would thrive. Influenced by the work of Surrealists such as Hans Hoffman, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Thomas Hart Benton who had dripped and flung paint onto their work (Ratcliff 3), this form of painting, which is also referred to as ‘action painting’ is typified by the work of Jackson Pollock. According to Rochberg, â€Å"The color explosion that was Abstract Expressionism seems to have been born of post-Cubism, e arly Expressionism, and Surrealism† (194). For the most part, objects no longer have a place in painting for the Abstract Expressionist. The movement of color becomes a sometimes chaotic and aggressive expression that exists purely to â€Å"delight the eye†. Pop Art was a result of the experimental nature of the modernists and the post-modernists. Pop Art became a mirror that reflected the social experience of a consumerist, media driven culture that worships celebrity and perceived perfection. The prints of Andy Warhol can create a commentary.

Water Pollution in Orlando Florida Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Water Pollution in Orlando Florida - Coursework Example Orlando has failed to control water pollution to the extent that the federal government had to intervene. Orlando has many water catchment areas but there have been recent concerns over the level of effluents that are finding their way into the lakes and rivers. For instance, Lake Lawne was put on alert after a residential sanitary system blocked leading to sewage overflow that ended up into the lake. Although there were intervention measures, the lake was already polluted. Indeed a lake alert was issued and public warned not to use the water until the issue was resolved. Lake Okeechobee has been in the public limelight for uncontrolled pollution. Effluents from large farms and ranches find its way into the lake thereby causing water pollution. These are just some of the examples. However, the water pollution through improper effluent management seems to be escalating. The primary causes of water pollution stemming from the failure the of effluent management by waste management depar tments and most importantly failure of industries and farming sector to manage their waste. This is a case of lack of human values and environmental ethics. For instance, ranches and dairy firms should observe environmental ethics and take precautionary measures to ensure that their effluents do not end up in the water catchment areas. They should all respect human values and observe environmental ethics even when it means cutting down their profits to do so. This way Orlando will be an environmentally conscious city.

Use of Logic Essay Example for Free

Use of Logic Essay Logic plays a big role in our society today. In fact logic has played a big role in the advancement of civilization. There are many forms of logic and many different applications that go along with them. Logic seeks out the truth in statements through deduction and reasoning. Using logic one can test the validity of a statement just by understanding the format and the content of an argument. Logic is considered to be the science of reasoning and is mathematically inspired as it seeks an answer. Logic is not considered scientifically sound unless it is based off true premises. Sense logic is based off form it is safe to say that it is formal science. Logic is said to have historically originated from the Ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle. Using the teaching of universal definition from Socrates, Aristotle devised a logical system. â€Å"Aristotle holds that a proposition is a complex involving two terms, a subject and a predicate, each of which is represented grammatically with a noun. The logical form of a proposition is determined by its quantity and by it quality.†(King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC). Through investigation of the relationship the two terms shared Aristotle theorized that if in certain form one could determine the validity of an argument. â€Å"Logic was further developed and systematized by the Stoics and by the medieval scholastic philosophers. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, logic saw explosive growth, which has continued up to the present.† (Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics). Logic is very useful when debating. â€Å"If engaged in properly, Philosophical arguments can open minds. It can rid us of ignorance and the evils of blind prejudices† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 128). From studying and understanding logic one can pick apart arguments. Just from the form and content of the argument its validity can be assessed. Not only is this useful when arguing as you judge the strength of someone else’s argument it can also benefit your own argument. Through logic you can see the flaws and weaknesses of your own argument. Then by reflecting on your own thoughts one can make their argument stand on their own if it is truly valid. Deductive logic is a form of logic and its more popular subdivision has been given standardized names: modus ponens, modus tollens, and syllogisms. Modus ponens is where you affirm the consequent by affirming the antecedent (If p, then q. p. therefore q.). Modus tollens is actually the opposite of modus ponens. Modus tollens is where the antecedent is denied through denying the consequent (If p, then q. Not q. Therefore not p.). Syllogisms on the other hand are not as concrete as the previous forms. The subdivisions of syllogisms but not limited to: hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, and practical syllogisms. â€Å"An extremely important form of deductive argument often used in philosophical debate is the syllogism which involve practical value reasoning† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 145). Inductive logic is still considered useful but cannot lead to necessary conclusions like in deductive reasoning. Inductive logic deals with probability, and is used to support factual, empirical claims. Inductive logic is then weaker than deductive logic however still hold some truth to them. Some forms of inductive logic are: argument from the past experience, argument by analogy, and argument by inductive generalization. These forms all deal with probability and should be tested before it is taken as fact, however one must be aware of the fallacious reasoning disguised as valid logic. â€Å"Informal logical fallacies are designed to persuade us emotionally and psychologically, not rationally† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 156). These arguments are often used by seats of power in attempt to allude a group of individuals. These forms of fallacies may be seen as forms of intimidation in hopes to divert attention from the real issues. Some of the more common informal logical fallacies are: ad hominem fallacy where you attack the person and not the issue. Straw man fallacy is where one person misrepresents the arguments of the person deliberately building a false person. Begging the question fallacy where the premise depends on the conclusion and vice versa. Other informal fallacies are two wrongs, slippery slope appealing to authority, red herring, and guilt by association. Only through understanding the informal fallacies can we deduct what we can take for truth. Logic is very prevalent today and proves quite useful on a daily basis. Through studying and familiarizing ourselves with logic we will be able to advance in society just as it has been done in the past. Logic helps us to see the truth in statements and allows us to be free from the vales of illusions. The current media and even the politics of today constantly deliberately mislead the general population and through logic we can test the validity of these arguments. Just as Socrates asked questions and sought the truth in the world we should do the same in hopes to benefit not only ourselves but our society as a whole. Works Cited Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics. Logic and Mathematics. PennState, 29 Jan. 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. http://www.math.psu.edu/simpson/papers/philmath/. Falikowski, Anthony F. Experiencing Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC. Http://individual.utoronto.ca. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995. Web. http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/miscellaneous/history-of-logic.pdf.

We Must Protect and Conserve Wildlife Essay -- Wildlife Preservation

Wildlife preservation may be an important contribution to our animal’s lives, but what if these animal’s lives would be getting in the way of our economy gaining money. Why do we have to risk the lives of these innocent animals? I chose this topic on wildlife preservation because I feel that we humans who have voices need to speak up and do so. I’ve watched animal television documentaries of helpless animals having nowhere to go because of everything we decide to cut down. Yes, it may be true that we need to use our natural resources to survive but why not get more involved with recycling and other substitutes? These wildlife preservation need to stay safe so these animals can help our environment naturally. Game preservation are a protected area while the hunting of certain species of animals isn’t allowed. This allows species to be exploited in a large landscape without having to worry about hunters doing what they love to do, kill animals. The first wildlife refuge was created by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. (Freedman 1) National wildlife refuges in 1988 closely regulated hunting were permitted in 60% of the refuges. (Freedman 1) Why make a safe home for animals but still allow hunting to take place? The refuges are made for animals to be away from hunters and people, who are trying to kill them, why spend all the money to allow the purpose to be over looked? We spend thousands of thousands to buy the property and it seems like it just all goes to waste. Yellow Stone Park seems to be the only wildlife preservation that actually uses it to keep the animals safe. This is one of the most famous protected areas in North America, thankfully hunting is not allowed. This has allowed the build-up of relatively large populat... ...s&version=1.0>. 4. Plessis, Jens du. "Controlled Hunting Will Help Preserve Africa's Wildlife." Opposing Viewpoints: Africa. Ed. Laura K. Egendorf. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Niagara Falls High School. 10 May. 2010 . 5. Hal Herring. "Hunting Makes Significant Contributions to Wildlife Protections." Opposing Viewpoints: Hunting. Ed. Dawn Laney. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Niagara Falls High School. 10 May. 2010 .

Quality Physical Education

Physical education schools play a critical role in increasing physical activity by offering quality, daily physical education and other opportunities to recreate. Physical education is the only program that provides students with opportunities to learn motor skills, develop fitness, and gain understanding about the importance of physical activity. Physical education teaches children the skills they need to be active through out their lifetime. Physical education can also enhance academic learning. Regular aerobic exercise produces an increased number of capillaries servicing the brain, which allows for a greater exchange of nutrients and waste products. Additionally, physical education incorporates concepts of math, reading/English language arts, and science into the physical education realm. Technology has integrated into the curriculum with heart rate monitors, pedometers, and computer-based fitness stations. Another way physical education helps academic learning by children receiving additional physical education show an acceleration of their psychomotor development, and this could provide a mechanism for accelerated learning of academic skills. â€Å"Other potential mechanisms include increased cerebral blood flow, greater arousal, changes in hormone levels, enhanced nutrient intake, changes in body build, and increased self esteem,† as mention in the Pediatric Exercise Science (Shepard, 1997, p. 113). In other words, exercise boost oxygen and glucose delivery to the brain, which can help, improve brain function. Physical Education plays a critical role in educating the whole student. Like other academic courses of study, physical education is upon rigorous national standards that define what students should know and be able to do because of participation. Physical education improves children’s relationships with children in their classroom. Children learn how to play as a team player. Physical education includes all children, which helps the children think of others not just themselves. In a quality physical education program, students can achieve physical and individual benefits. Teamwork is very important in everyday life. Most professions are team-oriented style of work. Managers value teamwork because it results in a more cost-effective and useful organization. Physical education is for every child regardless of physical ability, ethnicity, gender, language, race, or religion, the opportunities not only to succeed in physical education, but also to develop a lifelong commitment the health benefits of physical activity. Teachers are able to manage the student’s time more effectively. Physical education prepares students to live physically active, healthy lives through learning experiences at school. International Society of Sport Psychology state, â€Å"Exercise can have beneficial emotional effects across all ages and for both sexes† (p. 183). The major reason for having physical education in secondary schools is to lead the students toward better lifestyles and to be physically fit. There was an article published in 1992 by, The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), stating what â€Å"The Physically Fit Person† should consist of. This article states five factors of a physical fit person. One factor is that a physically fit person â€Å"has learned skills necessary to perform a variety of physical activities. † The second factor â€Å"is the person physically fit. † The third factor is â€Å"does this person participates regularly in physical activity. † The fourth is a physically fit person â€Å"knows the implications of and the benefits from involvement in physical activity. † The last factor is that a physically fit person â€Å"values physical activity and its contributions to a healthful lifestyle. The plan as physical educators is to have each child be a physically fit person, by their exit of high school. Quality Physical Education means a planned program of instruction and activity for all students through the entire school year. Quality Physical Education programs are essential in helping students gain competence and confidence in a variety of movement forms such as: aquatics, dance, gymnastics, recreational and activities. It should provide a sound framework for the design and assessment that develop the students' motivation, fitness, cognitive, affective, and active lifestyle needs, and should focus on lifetime involvement. American Heart Association quote, â€Å"Today, about one of three American kids and teens are overweight or obese, nearly triple the rate in 1963 (American Heart Association Learn and Live – Healthier Kids) (2010). National Academics state, (2005), â€Å"If healthier students are, in fact, more attentive and academically successful students, then parents, principals, and policy makers alike may be supportive of obesity prevention efforts† (p. 6). â€Å"National Health Education Standards offer a coherent vision of what it means to be health literate. These Standards describe the knowledge and skills essential to the development of health literacy. That â€Å"knowledge† includes the most important and enduring ideas, issues, and concepts related to achieving good health. Those â€Å"skills† include the ways of communicating, reasoning, and investigating which characterize a health-literate person. National Standards are not a federal mandate nor do they define a national curriculum. The Standards are intended to serve as a framework for organizing health knowledge and skills into curricula at the state and local levels. † Here are the National Standards: Demonstrates competency in many movement forms and proficiency in a few movement forms. Applies movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of motor skills. Exhibits a physically active lifestyle. Achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness. Demonstrates responsible personal and social behavior in physical activity settings. Demonstrates understanding and respect for differences among people in physical Activity settings. Understands that physical activity provides opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, self- expression and social interaction. Student involve in physical education will develop: †¢ Teamwork- the ability and willingness to work within a group for the good of the group. (leadership, trustworthiness. ) †¢ Cooperation- the ability and willingness to follow group or team strategies. (followership) †¢ Communication skills- knowing when to speak and when to listen in order to help the group achieve its goals. †¢ An awareness and appreciation of personal and group safety. †¢ Honesty- playing within the rules for the good of the group and game. †¢ Courage- the willingness to try new things to expand one's horizons. Goal setting ability- the willingness to set appropriately challenging goals for oneself and the group. †¢ Perseverance- the ability and willingness to continue pressing towards the goal in the face of normal adversity. †¢ Creativity- the ability to come up with solutions to problems and physical challenges. †¢ An increased level of agility, coordination, and physical fitness. Physical education is the only program that provides students with opportunities to learn motor skills, develop fitness, and gain understanding about the importance of physical activity. It is the aspect of education that contributes to the total growth and development of the child mostly through selected movement and physical activities. It also enhances academic learning, helps meet the overall elementary school mission, treats students with dignity and respect, and applies instructional and Physical education helps develop the whole child, including the child's cognitive development, physical Development, social development and helps develop psychomotor skills. The ultimate goal of physical education will always be participation in health-enhancing physical activity for a lifetime. References http://wilderdom.com/games/PhysicalActivities.html https://www.nap.edu/read/11461/chapter/2#1 http://www.educationworld.com/standards/national/nph/pe/k_12.shtml

Wendigo: Cannibalism in Native American Folklore

Wendigo Cannibalism in Native American Folklore Connor Downie EN156-01: Mythology Professor Quinn 30March13 Lurking in the deep woods of the Northern United States and Southern Canada lies a mysterious and fearsome Native American monster, the Wendigo. The Wendigo is by far one of the most mysterious and feared monsters in not only in the Algonquian folklore which it is attributed to, but also other indigenous populations all over the world.Although this creature goes by many names in the Native American Tribes, including Wechuge (Athapaskan Beaver), Windigo (Algonkian), Witiko (Sekani), Wittikow (Cree), Wintuc (Lenape), Wintiko (Objibwa), and others, it is represented in the folklore of many cultures. For the sake of simplicity, the term Wendigo (Woodland Cree) will be used throughout this paper. Native Americans lived in harmony with the land around them, and their legends and stories showed the necessity to preserve that harmony, and the consequences of failing to do such.The stor y and idea behind the Wendigo is no exception to this; being an â€Å"unnatural† and dysfunctional part of life. This paper will observe and analyze the role of the Wendigo in Native American legend as well as the effect that it had on, not only the Natives Americans, but those who came into contact and studied the tribes. The Wendigo According to legend, a Wendigo is neither a man nor non-human, but rather something in between.A fully transformed Wendigo is most often described as a giant creature standing between eight and thirty feet tall, possessing incredible strength and speed, large claws and a body that looks like a skeleton with ash-toned skin. However, in any stage of transformation, it is most easily identified by its ravenous and continuous hunger for human flesh (Atwood 84). A Wendigo’s hunger is believed to be so insatiable that one of first things it consumes is its own lips (Carlson 359). For Native Americans, encountering a Wendigo, whether by accident or on purpose, could e the last mistake you ever make. You cannot outrun or outwit a Wendigo; and according to most stories, you are unable to talk or plead with the creature due to the fact it has lost the capacity for human speech after a long period of isolation (Atwood 84). However, that does not mean they are intelligent. The amount of time they have spent alone in forced isolation has made them the perfect hunter. They do not pursue their victims with inchoate frenzy but rather use superior cunning and an advanced knowledge of their game's desires and weaknesses.They hunt people with the cultural strategy and intelligence that people use to hunt animals (Ridington 110). Their hunting skills are only amplified by their extreme elusiveness and ability to survive in the harshest of climates. They are the epitome of everything to be afraid of in the woods. The original Wendigos can be found in the Pawnee creation myth, as the creatures that came before the Pawnee and were destroy ed by the Creator Tirdwa. â€Å"The men of the present era were not the original inhabitants of the earth.They were preceded by another race – people of great size and strength. These were so swift of foot, and so powerful, that they could easily run down and kill the buffalo†¦ The race of giants had no respect for the Ruler. On the contrary, they derided and insulted him in every way possible. When the sun rose, or when it thundered and rained, they would defy him. They had great confidence in their own powers, and believed that they were able to cope with the Creator. As they increased in numbers they grew more defiant, and at length became so bad that Tirdwa determined to destroy them.This he attempted to do at first by shooting the lightning at them; but the bolts glanced aside from their bodies without injuring them. When he found that they could not be killed by that means, he sent a great rain, which destroyed them by drowning (Grinnell 122). According to legend, a few of these giants managed to escape the flood and the Wendigos managed to survive. As the Creator made the new species of man, the original Pawnee, these giants shrunk back into the wilderness, emerging only occasionally to feed on the unsuspecting human.There are two kinds of Wendigos, Non-Human and Human. The first human Wendigo is sometimes said to have been a man who, driven mad by hunger and snow blindness, mistook his family for a group of beavers, killed and ate them (Smith 68). Human Wendigos do not always take on the traditional described appearance unless they are exposed to the severe isolation required to drive the person mad. Most human Wendigos mostly retain their human features, and instead only experience the desire for loneliness and a craving for human flesh.Also common to stories, both in legend and those recorded by persons studying native tribes, was the belief that a person transforming into a Wendigo had lost permanent control over their own actions and t hat the only possible solution is death (Ridington 108). Many people, fearing that they would bring harm to their family, begged for death rather than face a full transformation. Human Wendigos, although powerful, can be killed by dismemberment and the burning the remains to prevent the evil spirit from ever returning to the earth (Atwood 85).In the majority of stories that result in the death of a Wendigo, that Wendigo was at one time a human. Other traditional cures involved the consumption of copious amounts of hot grease from sources such as bear fat, melted deer tallow, and sturgeon oil (Atwood 85). Non-Human Wendigos are seen as the original Wendigos that were around before the first humans. These creatures are considered to be much more powerful than their human counterparts, and were able to inhabit and attack the dreams of their victims. These creatures rarely appear in legends, but rather are blamed for the actions of a possessed person.Killing a non-human Wendigo was not easy and stories celebrated the bravery of those who acted as bait in Wendigo traps. Algonquians often had great battles and had to employ the help of shamans (Podruchny 690). It is important to note that non-human Wendigos are considered by Native Americans to be Otherworldly, and on the same degree as the spirits that inhabit the spirit world alongside the Creator. Origins and Folklore The earliest reference to Wendigo occurs as an entry in the Powhatan dictionary appended to Strachey's Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania.The original word was wintekowa, meaning â€Å"owl† in Algonquian. For many natives, especially member of the Cree Nation, Owl calls were precursors of the deaths of individuals, and thus owls were seen as the sign of a coming Wendigo. Owls, like Wendigos, are formidable predators and possess large glistening eyes, and therefore became synonymous with the same (Brightman 341). The word Wendigo itself is derived from the Cree word wihtikowiw, meaning â€Å"he eats greedily†, which may explain the reason why ost believed to be Wendigos were isolated from the community before they consumed everything the community had. Native American Tribes lived in harmony with the land and the creatures around them. All tribes believed that upsetting the natural order of the world would cause severe disarray and eventually would lead to the destruction of the world. To counter this, hunters and gatherers would take only what they needed, waste nothing, and praise the creator for allowing them to be worthy to take such.Animals were held in high regard, not only for their gifts of food, clothing, and other materials, but also for the powers endowed upon them by the creator. Eating the flesh of an animal was said to transmit to persons, under appropriate circumstances, desired attributes of the species. For example, raw moose blood is said to impart onto the hunter a kind of invisibility relative to the perceptions of game animals, thus al lowing the hunter greater luck in the successful hunting of animals due to his increased stealthy abilities (Brightman 364).Like the flesh of any other animal, human flesh was believed to possess a Great Spirit power that is acquired through consumption of the tissue or organs. Eating human flesh would exacerbate the powers already present in the human consumer; endowing the Wendigo physical and spiritual abilities to overcome and eat human prey. In essence, a human’s abilities were multiplied and would eventually cause them to expand out of control and transform the person into a Wendigo (Brightman 364).The Wendigo often appears in stories in legends, but unlike most other mythical creatures, its purpose was less to teach moral values, and more to impart upon members of a community the consequences from straying from the natural order of life and defiance of the rules of the community. There are three kinds of stories in which a Wendigo is a part of. The first kind of story, involves a Wendigo which may be presented as a manifestation of the environment; the spirit is a spirit of place. In these stories, meeting up with a Wendigo carries no more moral weight than meeting up with a bear.If you get eaten, about all that can be said of you is that you ought to have been less unlucky (Atwood 86). In the second kind of story, a Wendigo appears as a warning or as a message to the protagonist. In these stories, if you get eaten by a Wendigo, the audience doesn’t feel sorry for you, because it was your own fault for getting eaten. These stories served to send the message that if you behaved and followed the rules like you were supposed to, such a thing would never happen to you (Atwood 86).The third kind of story the Wendigo is a fragment of the protagonist's psyche, and represents part of their subconscious that is made public to teach a lesson. In these stories, human beings who have â€Å"become a Wendigo † have not actually transformed, but i n fact worried so much that the creature they have feared or dreamed about splits off from the rest of their personality, destroys it, and becomes manifested through the person’s body (Atwood 86). These were used to teach lessons in regards to gluttony, loneliness, and other behaviors seen by natives to be unnatural and destructive.Wendigo stories express the danger and isolation of living in the subarctic wilderness as well as taboos against cannibalism (Ferrara 77). The Wendigo was seen as the personification of winter, hunger, spiritual selfishness, and isolation (Atwood 85). Winter is a time of scarcity in both food and warmth, and was considered by the natives to be one of the most necessary times for a community to band together to survive the harshness. A scarcity of materials would give rise to hunger; forcing people to either share what they had with each other for the good of the group, or hoard what they had for their own sakes.The choice to hoard, and act of selfi shness, was seen as an act of defiance not only against a group, but the Creator himself. The penalty for such a choice was being ostracized and isolated from the remainder of the community, and in some cases, death. Transformation According to lore, there are four recorded ways to be transformed into a Wendigo, either human or non-human. Most methods of transformation include large amounts of stress or pain, both mental and physical, and a long transformation period that may not occur all at once.In order to become a non-human Wendigo, one must either be born a Wendigo, or be eaten by a Wendigo. Although an individual Wendigo may once have been a man or a woman, once fully transformed they no longer have any evidence of gender (Atwood 84). Because of this, there is no recorded lore of Wendigos ever giving birth to new Wendigos, other than the Pawnee origins legend in regards to Wendigos inhabiting the world before man. Because of this, most non-human Wendigos are said to be the ori ginals that have survived for hundreds of years. The other method is to be eaten by a Wendigo and have our now â€Å"evil spirit† enter the otherworld. A person suffering this fate becomes the Native equivalent of a Demon and possesses humans through dreams and thoughts. Thoughts of the Wendigo are said to drive a person mad with anxiety about becoming a Wendigo, to the point that they give in to the desires to consume other people (Ferrara 79). Native Shamans were notorious in legends for using their ability to communicate with the spirits in order to send one of these creatures into the dreams of another, thus tormenting them with the thought of being transformed.To become a human Wendigo is much worse a fate than a non-human Wendigo. To become such, a human must either consume human flesh, or be bitten by a Wendigo. The reason for the consumption of human flesh is irrelevant, as soon as it passes your lips, you fate is essentially sealed. Legends of this kind of transforma tion speak of people starving from a lack of food, who eventually give in to the desire for food and eat their companions or family members. Like the stories of the Loup Garou or French word for werewolf, a Wendigo bite served as another way for one to be transformed into one of these creatures.However, unlike werewolves, a human was unable to transform back into a human once the transformation had begun (Podruchny 681). Both being bitten and the consumption of human flesh was said to not be instantaneous but rather a lengthy process, signaled by a period of strange emotions and behaviors by the possessed person that served as a series of warnings to others (Ferrara 79). The Wendigo in Reality In 1767, Alexander Henry observed an Ojibwa man who had killed and eaten four relatives during a food crisis. Henry recorded the actions of the tribe in his journal. The Indians entertain an opinion that the man who has once made human flesh his food will never afterwards be satisfied with any other†¦ He ate with relish nothing that was given to him but, indifferent to the food prepared, fixed his eyes continually on the children which were in the Indian lodge, and frequently exclaimed, ‘How fat they are! ’†¦ Be this as it may, his behavior was considered, and not less naturally, as marked with the most alarming symptoms; and the Indians, apprehensive that he would prey on these children, resolved on putting him to death (Brightman 348). The tribe was so scared of the unnaturalness of the man’s actions that they had him killed. Not unlike the Salem Witch Trials, those suspected of being a Wendigo were given little or no chance to defend themselves. They were immediately outcast from the group and treated like they were infected with some sort of disease. In many cases, acts of cannibalism were not actually witnessed, but rather reported by the suspected individual or other persons, or didn’t even occur at all. In seventy cases reporte d, 44 involved an actual act of cannibalism.In 26 cases, or 37 percent the potential Wendigo either recovered or was killed to prevent cannibalism (Rohrl 98). Around the time of Freud, psychologists began to analyze the stories and multiple cases regarding the Wendigo. Many noted that the common link between most cases was a psychological weakness and breakdown of the normally functioning personality (Ridington 107). From these psychologists, emerged the term â€Å"Wendigo Psychosis† which was used to describe the mental state of persons suspected or convicted of being a Wendigo.People suspected of suffering from this were often described as being â€Å"Bushed† or suffering from â€Å"Cabin Fever† (Atwood 87). For most, in order to reach such a breakdown of mind required large amounts of time spent apart from others, usually in harsh or near fatal conditions. The compulsive desire and craving for human flesh that appears in many of the Wendigo cases may point to a psychotic breakdown of normal emotions, motivations, and satisfactions in people who kill or are killed as cannibal monsters.However, unlike many other psychotic breakdowns, Wendigo behavior it is believed to be genuine and real by the members of society as well as by the afflicted individual (Ridington 128). More recently however, another possible reason for the actions of those believed to be Wendigos was uncovered, a lack of proper diet. Meat, and especially fatty meat, is essential to the diet of the Eskimo and of Northern Athapaskan Indians. Researchers claimed that a fat deficiency could lead to headache, and, in four to eight weeks, ultimately death (Rohrl 100).Was the reason for the actions of some not necessarily motivated by extreme hunger, but rather a lack of proper nutrition? It has been demonstrated that a drop in the blood sugar level can lead to many psychic phenomena, including depressive states, anxiety, and â€Å"other symptoms that have been lumped together a s ‘neuroses (Rohrl 100). The accepted conclusion is that although persons suffering from Wendigo Psychosis have experienced a large amount of mental stress, the fearsome creature itself does not in fact exist.Like many other mythological creatures, the Wendigo was placed in Native American legend to explain things that the natives could not understand at the time, and to enforce the rules of the community. Psychologist Lou Marano ultimately went further in a 1982 article stating that Wendigos had never existed, at least as people overcome by cannibal desires. Instead, he adopted a functionalist interpretation (influenced by scholarship on the Salem Witch trials), arguing that the Wendigo was a phenomenon that allowed Algonquians to kill the marginal, the mentally ill, and the unpopular (Smallman 575).Works Cited Atwood, Margret. â€Å"Cannibal Lecture. † Saturday Night 110. 9 (1995): 81-90. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Brightman, Robert A. â€Å"The Windigo in the Materia l World. † Ethnohistory 35. 4 (1988): 337-79. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Carlson, Nathan D. â€Å"Reviving Witiko (Windigo): An Ethnohistory of â€Å"Cannibal Monsters† in the Athabasca District of Northern Alberta, 1878–1910. † Ethnohistory 56. 3 (2009): 355-94. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ferrara, Nadia, and Guy Lanoue. â€Å"The Self in Northern Canadian Hunting Societies: ‘Cannibals' and Other ‘Monsters' as Agents of Healing. Anthropologica 46. 1 (2004): 69-83. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Grinnell, George Bird. â€Å"Pawnee Mythology. † Journal of American Folklore 6. 21 (1893): 113-30. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Podruchny, Carolyn. â€Å"Werewolves and Windigos: Narratives of Cannibal Monsters in French-Canadian Voyageur Oral Tradition. † Ethnohistory 51. 4 (2004): 677-700. Project Muse. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Rohrl, Vivian J. â€Å"A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis. † American Anthropologist ns 72. 1 (1970): 97-101. JS TOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ridington, Robin. Wechuge and Windigo: A Comparison of Cannibal Belief among Boreal Forest Athapaskans and Algonkians. † Anthropologica ns 18. 2 (1976): 107-29. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Smallman, Shawn. â€Å"Spirit Beings, Mental Illness, and Murder: Fur Traders and the Windigo in Canada’s Boreal Forest, 1774 to 1935. † Ethnohistory 57. 4 (2010): 371-95. Duke Journals. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. . Smith, Theresa S. and Fiore, Jill M. â€Å"Landscape as Narrative, Narrative as Landscape. † Studies in American Indian Literatures 22. 4 (2010): 58-80. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013.

Hookes Law Essays

Hookes Law Essays Hookes Law Paper Hookes Law Paper The aim of this experiment is to investigate Hookes law for simple springs of rubber. The relationship between a load force and a light spring (F=k. x) was first determined by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. Where F is the force applied to the spring, k is the spring constant, and x is the extension of the spring. Hookes law states that when an elastic material is subjected to a force, its extension (x) is proportional to the applied force. The value of k is constant for a particular spring. The relationship should be directly linear. Furthermore, the spring used in the experiment should also be varied as to prove Hookes law which states that each spring has its own spring constant. The method in conducting the experiment is as follows. First weigh and record the masses of each mass hanger and the masses. Attach the lighter spring to the clamp on the retort stand and suspend the mass hanger from the spring. This should extend the spring a little. If there is no extension at all, add a couple of masses to create a slight extension. This places the spring under tension to begin the activity. Record the initial mass. Then, measure and record the distance, so, between the clamp and the bottom of the mass hanger. After that, add one of the 50 gr masses to the spring. Then, record the actual mass of the 50 gr mass selected. Measure the new distance, s, from the clamp to the bottom of the hanger. The loads should be measured by a digital mass balance. The extension of the spring should be measured and recorded by using a meter rule. The weight of the load attached is added consecutively 10 times to investigate the relationship between the force applied and the extension of the spring, as well as the spring constant. Four other springs are also used afterwards to prove Hookes law which states that each spring has its own spring constant. The result of the experiment shows that the experiment is quite successful. Using several different springs in the experiment proves that the spring constant can be calculated using the Hookes law and using Microsoft excel with drawing the graph and find the gradient. The results showed that the difference value in spring constant means that the stiffness of the springs is also different. If the number of spring constant larger, so more stiff the springs are. So that, in 5th spring that is very stiff (18. 679) and on the other hand in 3rd spring that is the least stiff (3. 584). The difficulties encountered in conducting this experiment is when measuring the extension of the spring, as the spring tend to swings when the mass is attached and this can affect the result of the experiment. In addition, the extension of the spring occasionally hits the floor when the number of mass is increased and this affected the results. This difficulty has been solved by using a retort stand and clamp, which give an increase the stretch of the spring but still easily adjusted. In conclusion, it could be said that the experiment is successful in verifying value of the spring constant. Both the Hookes law and the graph give similar result, thus proving the hypothesis. My suggestion to improve the experiment is to carefully measure the extension of the spring despite the variation of the spring. This is best dealt with by carefully observed the spring until it places perfectly so that there will be no further movements that may lead to the mistake in calculating the exact extension of the spring.